Nero and The Flavian Dynasty - for Exam 3 - Post 3

Nero, last Julio-Claudian

Idealized
Individualized
Thick neck
Tyrant-hated
Famous for standing on the
walls of Rome playing fiddle while
Rome burns down. He blames the
Christians.





Golden Palace of Nero
Domus Aurea

100 acres
lake and gardens











Severus and Celer
octagonal hall of the Domus Aurea of Nero
Rome

First Dome
Still standing









The Early Empire: The Flavian Dynasty
(Vespasian, Tow sons: Titus and Domitian)


Portrait of Vespasian

shows himself with wrinkles
old
nicer
disassociates himself with the neoclaudians










Coloseum (Flavian Amphitheater)
Rome

Filled in Nero's lake
Nero's statue left outside
Free Events for the people
Built quickly-5-10 years
50,000-60,000 people
Cut Stone
76 Entrances
Arches
Decorated
Ionic Order
Corinthian Order
Doric Order

Gladiators:
Murmillo
Retiarius
Samnite
Thracian

Readings:
Seneca, On the Games
Pliny the Younger, On Christian


Arch of Titus
Rome

Triumphal Arch
Parade
More entertainment
Party











Spoils of Jerusalem
Relief Panel from the Arch of Titus
Rome

naturalism

Early Empire - for exam 3 - post 2

Roman Chronology

Republican Period 510-27 BC
Civil Wars
Julius Caesar assassinated
Octavian(grand nephew) defeats Anthony and Cleopatra at Actium
Octavian adopts the title of Augustus

Imperial Period 27 BCE-330 AD
Early Empire: Julio Claudians, Flavians
High Empire: Trajan, Hadrian, Antonines
Late Empire: Severans, Tetarchy, Constantine

Early Empire: The Julio-Claudian Dynasty

Seven Hills of Rome

*Capitoline-religious area, she wolf, sacrifices
Quirinal
Viminal
Esquiline
Caelian
Aventine
*Palatine

Forum Romanum, Rome

Forum Romanum, Basillca Aemilla

Augustus

Portrait of Augustus as General
from Primaporta
copy?

never shown aged
three locks of hair on forehead
somewhat idealized
cupid at his feet-reference to aphrodite (cupids mom)
this links him to being a direct descendant of a God
classic greek elements: controppasto pose, drapery,
resembles the spear bearer
Italic elements: hand gesture, recognizable features
Combination of Italic and classic Greek Sculpture

Sphinx on shoulder-reference to Cleopatra
references to many Gods
reference to peace
Sky God















Ara Pacis Augustae (Altar of Augustan Peace
Rome

Ara=Altar
Pacis=Peace
Fertility
Lamb

-Tellus

Classical Greek Manner
Fertility of Roma










-Aeneas

Lares and Pinates-small statues that protect the house
Show that he is establishing his home in Rome









-Procession

Children included to show fertility
shows many generations of peaceful procession









Tomb of Augustus
Rome

Similar to an Etruscan Tomb
Obelisk like in Egypt

For the next Exam!

Terms:
Domus-Roman House
Atriuim-front room with skylight where ancestor portraits and masks were displayed, impluvium is in it
Impluvium-room with pool, catch water
Tablinum-meeting room for the head of the family
Peristyle garden-private area with garden
Lararium for lares and penates- gods of households, small shrine for those gods, leave them treats, first thing people took when they were fleeing the house
Faiyum Portrait-portrait painted of mummified people
Encaustic-wax painting

Houses had painting working fountains, people had pet dogs, pools with fish or eels, many wild dogs

Roman Painting: Republic-Imperial Periods
Frescos from the Houses

Roman Painting Styles

1st Masonry Style 200-80 BC Photo treatment to the wall to make it look like stone, but its plaster (Republican)
2nd Pictorial Style, 80-15 BC Figures begin showing up, scenes, animals... (Republican)
3rd Decorative Style, 15BC-45AD Shapes, small images (Imperial)
4th Combination Style 45-100AD Combines all three styles (Imperial)

Masonry Style Wall painting in the Samnite House
Herculaneum Italy
late second century BC
PICTURE

Masonry Style
House of Sallust
Pompeii

Pictorial Style
trompe l'oeil wall painting
Villa at Boscoreale

Pictorial Style
Villa of the Mysteries

Painting in room, gives us the idea of their secret initiation and cults

One male boy, the rest or weird male creatures with tales and such (sadors)

Startled woman looking at something

Woman with wings holding a whip, leather boots, short skirt

Woman about to be whipped, initiation?

Pictorial Style

Garden Scape

Villa of Livia, Primaporta

leads to 3rd style

Decorative Style

Villa at Boscotrecase

Combination Style

House of the Vettii

Pompeii

Subject Matter in Roman Painting

Historical Scenes and Sculptures

Scenes and Sculptures of Myths

Scenes from Dramatic Productions

Atmospheric Perspectives (fading into the mist)

Still Life

Portraits

Encaustic (portraits of mummified people, Faiyum Portraits)-become more generic later

The Art of the Etruscans

The Etruscans

Italy

Untranslated language

Influenced by Greek culture

Etruria 

Between Arno and the Tiber rivers

Typical Etruscan Temple of the 6th Century

(as described by Vitruvius)

One or more cella's pushed back on the platform, 

columns in the front, raised up on a platform,

sculpture on the roofline

Portonaccio Temple

Veii, Italy

Etruscan

End of Archaic period-Archaic smile

buggy eyes, archaic smile, similar hair, Hermes, terra-cotta 

Apulu(Aplollo)

Roof of the PortonaccioTemple

hair reacts to the shoulder, movement in the statue, 

clothed-as opposed to nude as gods usually are

Porta Augusta, Perugia

decorating the arch with greek architecture-very influential later

key stone, stronger than post and lintel, 

distributes the weight better-like a relieving triangle

groin vault-extrememly strong

Porta Marzia (Gate of Mars)

Perugia

Second century BC

Cerveteri, necropolis

hollow out rock, leave doorway, has roads almost like a city

Interior of the Tomb of the Reliefs

Cerveteri, Italy

3rd century BC

bed in the walls with stone pillows, carved reliefs

Tomb of the Leopards

Tarquinia, Italy

480-470 BC

scenes of banqueting, sitting on beds, lively, servants are nude,

darker and lighter figures(female vs. male)

abnormal for woman and men to be lying down together during a banquet,

greeks assume that all Etruscan woman are prostitutes

Etruscan woman are more equal:

shown loving

shown eating together

buried with their husbands

Tomb of Hunting and Fishing

Tarquinua, Italy

530-520 BC

young boys hunting and fishing, very unusual tomb for the time period

real landscape elements-unlike greeks

Sarcophagus

Cerveteri

terra-cata

loving embrace

reading-theopompus

Capitoline She Wolf with Romulus(founder of Rome) and Remus(son of a mortal man-mars- and Goddess Aphrodite)

From Rome, Italy

traditional date is 753 BC

500-480 BC

common symbol for Rome, even though its Etruscan based

naturalistic kids-a later edition, were there originally and then put back

Brutus 300 BC

509 BC-expulsion of the Etruscans from Rome

(because of the rape of Brutus's wife)

Becomes the Roman Empire....

Hellenistic Period

Alexander the Great
Altar of Zeus
at Pergamon

Hellenistic art:
dramatic
expressionistic

Laocoon Group

Corera Marble

Italian Artist?

Portrays Latin Myth-devored with two children, 

suggests Roman creation (copy) added the second son

Classical 4th Century Painting

Alexander the Great

Roman copy of Lysippos Sculpture

Alexander the Great-young man, comes to the throne around age 18, his father is Ruler of Macedonia

Empire of Alexander the Great

Campaigns to battle the Persians, defeats the Persian Ruler, and takes of Persian Empire. Largest Empire.

Philoxenos of Eretria (artisit)

Battle of Issus

Mosaic

310 BC

Pompeii, late second, or early first century

Copied 200 years later

Tessera/tesserae

greeks are victorious in defeating the persians, neutral colors, no background elements

Details:

Alexander is always shown:

un bearded

mane of hair

Pella, Northern Greece

large scale pebble mosaic

Gnosis (artist)

Stag Hunt

Pella, Greece

Pebble Mosaic

shown nude, although they don't hunt nude, heads are bigger than most 4th century sculpture

Vergina, Greece

Great Tumulus

Tombs I-III

cemetery

3 tombs found

I young woman

III young boy-alexander's only son?

II Older man, wealthy-alexander's father?

Tomb II

unrobbed, bronze items, silver vessels, gold, ivory, 2 chambers, armor for lower legs

suggests a rush to the burial

Fresco

Hunt Scene

4th Century

nude, hunting stags, simple backgrounds

Tomb I

Fresco

Hades abducting Persephone

sketchy face, red color (rare)

Classical 4th Century Architecture

Choragic (chorus) Monument of Lysikrates

Athens

victory, Corinthian order

Priene (Turkey)

Hippodamus

Hippodamian (orthogonal) plan

grid plan, N/S roads very steep

Hellenistic Art and Architecture

divided amongst generals